Tientsin Massacre. 1870. 20 French killed. China apologizes. End of China/Western co-operation.

Tilsit, Treaties. 1807. Russia, Prussia join Continental System. Russia free to attack Finland. Prussia surrenders to Napoleon, reduced in size. France controls Central Europe. Creates Warsaw Duchy, Westphalia.

Tordesillas, Treaties. 1494. Spain, Portugal divide colonies in America and East according to Demarcation Bull of Alexander VI. Spain west, Portugal east of 48.5°W.

Treaty Ports. Japan, China forced by west to open ports to foreign trade. Opium Wars.

Tuareg. Berber peoples of northwestern Africa.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Visigoths. 376-711. Western Goths. Alaric sacked Rome 410. Defeated at Vouillé by Clovis 510. Settled Spain, southern France 415-711. Destroyed by Moors 711.

West, Benjamin. 1738-1820. US/English historical painter. Death of General Wolfe 1771.

West, Nathanael. 1903-40. US novelist. Absurd, black humour. Miss Lonelyhearts 1933. Day of the Locusts 1939.

West Indies. Arawak, Carib. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1620-60 Settled.

West Indies Associated States. 1967 Association of self-governing former Britishcolonies under British suzerainty.

West Indies Federation. Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserat, St Christopher-Nevis-Anguila, St Lucia, St Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago.

West Virginia. 1863. Region refused to secede with Virginia, forming a new state.

West Wall. 1934-9. German illegal fortification of Rhine frontier.

Western European Union. 1948. Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 1954 +Italy, Germany. 50 year treaty. NATO. European Defense Community.

Western Roman Empire. Roman. Carolingian.

Western Sahara. Spanish Sahara. 1976-91 Mauritania, Morocco, Polisario Independence Front dispute. 1991- awaiting referendum.

Western Samoa. Samoa. 1899 German. 1920 New Zealand League of Nations mandate. 1962 Independent.

Westinghouse, George. 1846-1914. US inventor/manufacturer. AC electricity distribution 1885.

Westmeath Act. 1871. Declared Ribbonism illegal. Whiteboys.

Westminster Abbey. 7C Benedictine monastery. 1050-65 New Building, additions by Edward the Confessor; 1245 by Henry III. West towers 1745. Used for all British coronations since William I.

Westminster Assembly. 1643-52. Convened by Long Parliament to inaugurate Presbyterianism in England and Wales. Westminster Confession of Faith.

Westminster Conference. 1866-7. Planned independence of Canada under British North America Act.

Westminster Palace. 1860. British House of Parliament.

Westminster, Provisions of. 1259. Reenacted as Marlborough Statute 1267. Forced on Henry III by barons, limiting power. Barons War.

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