Madagascar. 1500 Portugal discovers. 1642 French. 1814 British. 1885 French protectorate. 1896 French colony. 1958 Self-government as Malagasy. 1960 Independent. 1975 = Democratic Republic of Madagascar. 1993 Republic.

Madeira. 1418 Portugal discovers. 1580 Spanish. 1640 Portugal.

Madison, James. 1751-1836. US President. 1809-17. “Father of US Constitution.”

Madog. Welsh king, legendary discoverer of America 1170.

Magellan, Ferdinand. c1480-1521 Portuguese navigator. Died leading first circumnavigation of the world. Discovered Straits of Magellan 1520.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

Malvinas Is. Argentine name for Falkland Is.

Maori Wars. 1843-7. 1863-4. 1869-70. NZ settlers displace native Maori.

Marbury vs Madison. 1803. First US Supreme court ruling an Act of Congress unconstitutional. Marshall.

Marshall, James. 1810-85. Discovered gold 1848. California Gold Rush 1849.

Marshall, John. 1755-1835. US Chief Justice. Marbury-Madison.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Mauritius. 1505 Portugal discovers. 1598 Dutch settle. 1715 French. 1810 English. 1968 Independent.

Merrick, Joseph. 1862-90. “Elephant Man”. Severely disfigured English cripple, subject of play and film.

Metchnikov, Ilya. 1845-1916. Russian zoologist, microbiologist. Discovered phagocytosis 1886.

Methodism. Protestant religious movement founded by Wesley 1729. Moravian, Calvinistic evangelical.

Michelson, Albert. 1852-1931. Polish/US physicist. With Morley, disproved existence of ether 1887. Measured speed of light.

Milton, John. 1608-74. English epic poet. Comus 1638. Lycidas 1638. Paradise Lost 1667. Paradise Regained 1671.

Mississippi Scheme. 1717-20. Law’s attempt to develop Louisiana. Speculation led to financial disaster.

Mogadishu Raid. 1977. German commandos rescue hijack hostages.

Mohicans. -17C. North American Indian tribe dispersed by war.

Morocco. c2000BC Berbers. c12C BC Phoenecians settle. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 533 Byzantine. 682 Moslem. 739 Berber revolt. 788 Idrisid dynasty. 1061 Almoravid. 1147 Almohad. 1269 Marinids. 1550 Saadis. 1666 Alawis. 1668 Berber. 18C French influence. 1912 Spanish(N)/French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Ceuta. Melilla.

Mozambique. 1489 DaGama discovers. 1498 Portuguese colony. 1975 Independent People’s Republic.

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