Radishchev, Aleksandr. 1749-1802. Liberal Russian writer. Denounced serfdom. Exiled to Siberia.

Reconquista. 11C-1492 Campaign of Christians to recapture Spain, Portugal from Moslems. 1118 Aragon. 1238 Valencia. 1492 Granada.

Revivalism. 18,19C. Revival of prior periods of English architecture. Neo-Greek, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic. British Museum.

Roberval, Gilles de. 1602-75. French physicist: balance 1670. Geometry of curves.

Röhm, Ernst. 1887-1934. German Nazi rival of Hitler. Organized SA. Executed.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Rough Riders. 1898. US volunteer cavalry in Spanish American War under Roosevelt. Won San Juan hill.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Salamis, Battle. 480BC. Greek naval victory over superior Persian fleet.

Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Savigny, Friedrich von. 1779-1861. German jurist, historian of Roman and medieval law. Modern system of civil law.

Scott, George. 1811-78. English Gothic Revival architect: Oxford Martyrs’ Memorial 1841. Albert Memorial 1863-72.

Seti I. -1304BC. Pharaoh 1318-. Conquered Libya. Tomb in Valley of Kings.

Seven Oaks Massacre. 1816. Northwest Company. agents kill 20 settlers in Red River rivalry with Hudson Bay Company. Settlement destroyed.

Shapur I. -272. Sassanid king. Captured Roman Emperor Valerian 260.

Sims, William. 1858-1936. US WWI naval commander.

Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Strasser, Gregor. 1892-1934. German Nazi leader, Hitler rival. Assassinated.

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