Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

North West Company. 1783-1821. Rival of Hudson’s Bay Co. Merged.

Novalis. 1772-1801. German Romantic poet.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Odin. King of Scandinavian gods who holds court in Valhalla.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

O’Neill, Shane. c1530-67. Irish chief rebelled vs England, slain by rival clan.

Orléans. 1344-. Branch of French Valois and Bourbons.

Parry, Hubert. 1848-1918. Led English music revival.

Parsifal. Percival.

Patel, Vallabhbhai. 1875-1950. Indian nationalist with Gandhi.

Perceval, Spencer. 1762-1812. Only British Prime Minister assassinated in office.

Percival. Legendary 13C knight. Found Holy Grail.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Philip VI. 1293-1350. French Valois king 1328-1350.

Philip the Good. 1396-1467. Valois Duke of Burgundy 1419-. Allied with England vs France.

Popov, Aleksandr. 1859-1905. Russian physicist: radio antenna.

Pride’s Purge. 1648. Removal of 143 Presbyterian royalists from Parliament. Rump Parliament.

Prud’hommes, Councils. Medieval French trade tribunals revived by Napoleon.

Przhevalsky, Nikolai. 1839-88. Russian explorer of Tibet, Mongolia.

Puck. Medieval English mischievous fairy.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Puritanism. 16-17C. English Calvinist movement to purify church of Catholic and political elements. Valued hard work, education, thrift.

Quetzalcóatl. Aztec, Coltec god symbolized by feathered serpent. Legendary founder of Chichen Itza. Also applied as a title equivalent to saint.

Racine, Jean. 1639-99. Classical French tragedy playwright. Molière’s rival. Andromaque 1667. Britannicus 1669. Phèdre 1677.

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