Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Almohads. 1130-1269. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Ibn Tumart.

Almoravids. 1055-1147. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Yusuf ibn Tashufin.

Alp-Arslan. c1030-72. Seljuk Sultan. Defeated Byzantines. Turks dominate Asia Minor.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Alphonsine Tables. 1252. Incorrect astronomical data on planets, based on geocentric system.

Alpini, Prospero. 1553-1616. Italian physician. Introduced coffee and bananas to Europe.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Altmark Truce. 1629-35. Polish-Swedish wars of succession.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Alvarez, Luis. 1911-88. US physicist. Linear accelerator, bubble chamber.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

Amati. 16-17C. Italian family of violin makers-taught Stradivari.

Amboina Massacre. 1623. 20 British and Japanese merchants executed by Dutch for plotting overthrow.

Amboise Conspiracy. 1560. Failed Huguenot plot to kidnap French king. Led to massacre of 1200 Huguenots.

Amboise Peace. 1563. Gave limited rights of worship to French Huguenots.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

American Colonization Society. 1816-1912. Transported blacks to Liberia.

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