Al-Hakim. 985-1021. 6th Fatimid Caliph. Druze.

Alabama Claims. 1872. US claim damages caused by British built warships in Civil War. $15M=£3.25M awarded by arbitration.

Alamein, El, Battles of. 1942. Montgomery defeats Rommel, saving Egypt from Germans.

Alamo. 1836. 200 Texan rebels die in siege vs Mexican Santa Anna. Crockett. Bowie.

Åland Islands. Swedish- 1809 Russian. 1917 Finland. 1920 autonomous/Finnish.

Alans. Barbarians. Overrun by Huns; invaded Gaul in 406.

Alarcón, Pedro de. 1833-91. Spanish novelist: El sombrero de tres picos, 1874.

Alarcos, Battle. 1195. Moslems defeat Christians in Spain, go on to conquer Castile.

Alaric I. c370-410. Visigoth chief who sacked Rome, 410.

Alaric II. -507. King of Visigoths 484-, beaten by Clovis, 507. Law code 506 for Roman subjects.

Alba. 843 Kingdom of Picts and Scots, north of Clyde. 1034 +Strathclyde +Cumbria +Lothian.

Alba, Duke of. 1507-82. Tyrannical Spanish Governorof Netherlands 1567-73. Gueux.

Alba Longa. Italian birthplace of Romulus and Remus. Oldest Latin city (1152BC).

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Albee, Edward. 1928-. US playwright. Pulitzer-Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962.

Alberoni, Giulio. 1664-1752. Acting Prime Minister, directed Spanish revival 1716-19.

Albert, Prince Consort. 1819-1861. Married Queen Victoria, 1840. Responsible for International exhibitions 1851, 62. Moderated Trent Affair.

Albert I. 1875-1932. King of Belgians, 1909. Led army WWI. Introduced universal male suffrage.

Albert of Brandenburg. 1490-1568. First Duke of Prussia, 1525. Ended Teutonic Knights’ rule.

Albertus Magnus, St. c1200-80. Swabian Dominican philosopher influenced Aquinas: independent observation of nature. Alchemist.

Albigenses. (Cathars). Southern French ascetic Neo-Manichean heretic Christian sect. Eliminated by 13th Crusade, 1208-1229 and Inquisition.

Alboin. -572. Germanic Lombard King. Allied Germanic tribes and conquered N Italy.

Albornoz, Gil de. 1310-67. Restored papal authority, ending Babylonian Captivity.

Albuquerque, Afonso de. 1453-1515. Portuguese conquistador. Expanded empire.

Alcaçovas, Treaty. 1479. Portugal renounces claim to Castile.

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