Schmalkaldic League. 1531-47. Failed alliance of Protestant Princes vs HRE to defend Lutheranism. War 1546-7.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Schütz, Heinrich. 1585-1672. Founded German church music with Italian style. Wrote first German opera, Dafne 1627.

Schweitzer, Albert. 1875-1965. German medical missionary to Africa 1913-.

Scipio. 3-1C BC Family of Roman leaders, generals.

Scipio Africanus Major. 236-183BC. Roman general. Pushed Carthaginians from Spain. Defeated Hannibal at Zama 202.

Scipio Africanus Minor. 185-129BC. Roman Consul, censor, general. Conquered, destroyed Carthage.

Scipio Nasica Serapio. -132BC. Led mob that murdered Gracchus.

Scriblerus Club. 18C English literary club. Satirized contemporary writing. Swift. Pope.

Sea Lion, Operation. Battle of Britain.

Seeckt, Hans von. 1866-1936. German general. Secretly rebuilt army after WWI.

Seleucids. 312-64BC. Hellenistic kingdom founded by Alexander’s general, Seleucus. Syria, Persia, Mesopotamia.

Semmelweis, Ignaz. 1818-65. Hungarian/Austrian. Puerperal fever 1861.

Sempach Battle. 1386. Swiss confederates defeat Austrian Duke Leopold, ensuring independence.

Senefelder, Alois. 1772-1834. Bavarian lithography inventor 1796.

Senegal. Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Tukulor. 1406 Bettencourt explored. 15C Portugal. 1626 French settle. 1895 French colony. 1959 +Sudanese Republic=Mali Federation. 1960 -Mali=Independent republic.

Serapis. Egyptian deity of sun, healing.

Sheraton, Thomas. 1751-1806. English Regency furniture designer.

Sheridan, Philip. 1831-88. Union general, captured Shenandoah, forced Lee’s surrender.

Sherman, William. 1820-91. American Civil War general. -“War is hell”.

Sikh States, Confederation of. 1764 Independent from Mogul. 1819 + Kashmir. 1834 + Peshawar. 1849 British. 1948 India.

Sikkim. c1640 Independent kingdom. 1780 Nepal invades. 1814 Independent. 1861 British protectorate. 1947 Indian suzerainty. 1975 Indian state.

Sikorski, Wladyslaw. 1881-1943. Polish general, Prime Minister. Headed WWII government in exile.

Silver Age. c14-130. Roman literary period.

Singapore. 13-14C Malay city. 1377 Javanese destroy. 1819 Raffles refounds. 1867 «Straits Settlements. 1942-45 Japanese occupy. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Federation of Malaysia. 1965 Independent republic.

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