Coulomb, Charles de. 1736-1806. French naval engineer, defined unit of electricity. Electrical attraction 1785.

Counter-Reformation. 1517-1622. Catholic reform that followed the Reformation. Trent.

Couperin. 17-18C French family of Baroque composers.

Couperin, François. 1668-1733. French Baroque keyboard composer. Concerts Royeaux, Leçons de Ténebres 1714.

Cour Carrée. Central court of Louvre designed by Percier and Fontaine.

Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Courtois, Bernard. 1777-1838. French. Iodine 1811.

Cousin, Jean the Elder. 1490-1560. French painter. Eva Prima Pandora, early French nude.

Cousteau, Jacques. 1910-97. French underwater explorer.

Couthon, Georges. 1755-94. French aide to Robespierre. Guillotined.

Cranach, Lucas. 1472-1553. German painter and engraver. Luther 1533.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crazy Horse. c1842-1877. Sioux Indian chief vs Custer at Little Bighorn.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Cricket. 1598 derived from Club ball. 1877 First Test Match Australia/England.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Cromwell, Richard. 1626-1712. Lord Protector of England. 1658-9. Son of Oliver.

Cronus. Greek Titan = Saturn. Swallowed own children.

Crosby, Bing. 1904-77. US singer and actor. White Christmas-best selling record until 1998.

Cross, Richard. 1823-1914. British statesman: First urban renewal act.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuchulain. Legendary powerful Irish warrior.

Cugnot, Joseph. 1725-1804. French engineer. First steam car, 1769.

Culhwch + Olwen. c1100. Earliest Arthurian romance.

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