Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Baden. 1112 Margravate. 1771 Grand Duchy. 1848 Republic. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Republic. 1934 Germany.

Bahamas. Arawak. 1492 Columbus. 1646 English colonize. 1782-3 Spain. 1973 Independent.

Baïf, Jean Antoine de. 1532-89. French Pléiade poet. New metrical forms. Founded Academy of Music and Poetry 1571, in Paris.

Bailly, Jean. 1736-93. French astronomer. Paris mayor, 1789-91. Led Tennis Court Oath. Guillotined.

Bain, Alexander. 1818-1903. Scottish pragmatist philosopher, psychologist. Logic 1870.

Baker, Herbert. 1862-1946. English architect: Pretoria government buildings; New Delhi.

Bakunin, Mikhail. 1814-76. Russian anarchist revolutionary. International movement. Advocated assassination. Dieu et l’état 1871.

Bakunists. Anarchist faction of Internationals.

Balaklava, Battle. 1854. Crimean War. Indecisive British victory at high cost. Charge of Light Brigade.

Balearic Is. 654BC Phoenicia. 123BC Rome. 426 Vandal. 798 Moor. 1229 Independent Christian. 1349 Aragon. 1713 Brit (Minorca). 1802 Spain.

Bali. c1000 Java. 1596 Dutch discover. 1906 Netherlands. WWII Japan occupies. 1950 Indonesia.

Baltard, Victor. 1805-74. French architect. First to employ metal girders: Les Halles. St-Augustine’s Church.

Baltimore Incident. 1891. Chileans attack US seamen; pay reparations to avert war.

Balzac, Honoré de. 1799-1850. French novelist of social injustice: Comedie Humaine 1829-48.

Balzac, Jean-Louis. 1597-1654. French writer. Lettres 1624.

Bangorian Controversy. 1717. Dispute over Church of England’s powers.

Banting, Frederick. 1891-1941. Canadian physician: discovered insulin with Best, MacLeod, 1921.

Banville, Théodore de. 1823-91. French Parnassian poet. Early Symbolist. Odes funambulesques 1857.

Baptists. 1608-. Congregationalist Christian church. Baptism for believers only, (not infants).

Bara, Joseph. 1779-93. French Republican child hero.

Barbary Piracy. 1518-1830. G. Washington pays $1M to free enslaved seamen 1796. US attacks Tripoli 1815. French sieze Algiers, 1830.

Barbès, Armand. 1809-70. French Republican.

Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules. 1808-89. French dandy, social critic.Diaboliques 1874.

Barbizon. 19C French objective style of painting landscapes from nature; influenced Impressionists. Millet, Diaz.

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