ABC Powers. 1905. Argentina, Brazil, Chile.

Abd ar-Rahman. c1779-1859. Sultan of Morocco/Fez, 1822. Fought French, 1844 in Algeria.

Abd ar-Rahman I. 731-788. Umayyad emir of Cordoba, 755-. Repelled Charlemagne.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abdul Rahman, Tunku. 1903-90. First Prime Minister of independent Malaya 1957-70. United Malay, Chinese, Indian factions.

Abélard, Pierre. 1079-c1144. French Conceptualist theologian of Notre-Dame. Advocated discussion vs dogma. Famed love of Héloïse. Accused of heresy 1121. Letters to Heloise 1103. Sic et Non 1132. Theologia.

Abercrombie, Patrick. 1879-1957. British architect: Greater London town plan, 1943.

Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Aboukir, Battle. Nelson defeats French fleet, 1798. Napoleon defeats Turks, 1799.

Absolutism. Government where one person/group has absolute power. 15-18C monarchies.

Academia Palatina. 9C school founded by Charlemagne.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Academy. c387BC-529. Greek school founded by Plato dedicated to exploration of science and philosophical truth. Closed by Justinian.

Acadia. 1605 French colony centerd in Nova Scotia. 18C resettled by British.

Achaean League. 5-4C BC. Greek towns in common defence against pirates in Gulf of Corinth. 280-146BC. Model for federal government. Created to fight Macedonia. Dissolved by Romans.

Achaeans. Greeks who beseiged Troy. May be originally Mycenaean or Doric.

Achaemenids. c550-330BC. Persian dynasty founded by Cyrus II.

Achates. Aeneas’ armour bearer and friend in Greek mythology.

Achilles. Greek hero of Trojan Wars, invulnerable except for his heel, subject of Homer’s Iliad.

Achinese War. 1873-1904. Dutch defeat Moslems in Sumatra.

Actaeon. Mythical Greek hunter, turned into a stag for watching Artemis bathing.

Action Française. 1898-1945. French right wing political movement and newspaper.

Acts of the Apostles. c70-90. Luke’s history of early Christian church.

Acupuncture. 2500BC.- Chinese treatment with needles.

Adam, Robert. 1728-92. Scottish architect: Neoclassical English country houses.

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