Villeroi. 1644-1730. French Marshal defeated at Ramillies.

Villiers, G. 1592-1628. First Duke of Buckingham. Incompetent favourite of Charles I who dissolved parliament to prevent his impeachment, 1626 causing Civil War.

Villon, François. 1431-63+. French bohemian poet in “jargon”, secret language of Conquillades. Banished. Le Testament 1461.

Vilnius Dispute. 1919-39. Poland, Lithuania dispute over city.

Vimy Ridge. 1917. WWI battle. Key position taken by Canadians despite high casualties.

Vincent de Paul, St. 1581-1660. French priest, known for his charity. Founded Lazarists 1625.

Vincent of Beauvais. c1190-1264. French Dominican priest. Wrote encyclopedic Speculum majus 1259.

Vinland. ~1000. Region of northeast North America discovered by Leif Eriksson. L’Anse aux Meadows.

Violencia. 1948-62. Spain under Franco. 1946-64. Colombian repression. 200,000 dead.

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène. 1814-79. French Gothic Revival architect. Restored Notre-Dame 1841-54, Vincennes. Ste-Chapelle.

Virchow, Rudolf. 1821-1902. German pathologist, anthropologist. Applied microscope to medical research. Cellular pathology 1858.

Virgil. 70-19BC Roman epic poet. Aeneid 30-19BC. Bucolics. Georgics 36BC.

Virginia. Algonkian, Sioux, Iroquoia. 1587 British settle Roanoke Colony. 1607 First successful colony. 1619 Slaves brought. 1776 Independent. USA.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1798,9. States protest Alien +Sedition Acts limiting freedoms. Nullification.

Virginia Company. London. 1606-24. To colonize North America. Founded Jamestown 1607.

Virginia Declaration of Rights. 1776. Model for US Bill of Rights.

Virginius Affair. 1873. Spain siezes US flagged Cuban ship, Virginius. Executes 53 for smuggling arms to Cuba during Ten Years War. Indemnity paid to US, Great Britain.

Viriathus. -c139BC. Lusitanian herdsman. Led successful revolt vs Rome c147-139BC.

Visconti. 1311-1450. Milanese noble family.

Viscount. 4th rank of British peerage, below earl.

Visigoths. 376-711. Western Goths. Alaric sacked Rome 410. Defeated at Vouillé by Clovis 510. Settled Spain, southern France 415-711. Destroyed by Moors 711.

Vitalism. Bergson’s theory of evolution. Life force differentiates living things from others. Aristotle.

Vitoria. 1813. Wellington victory, liberated Spain from France. Peninsular War.

Vitruvius. 1C BC. Roman architect, writer. De architectura 27BC.

Vitry, Philippe de. 1291-1361. French composer, codified rules of composition. Ars Nova 1320.

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