Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Spirit of St. Louis. 1927. Lindbergh’s plane for solo Atlantic flight.

Spiritualists, Greater World. 1931. Christian sect communicating with the dead.

Splendid Isolation. 1895-1902. Salisbury foreign policy. British naval strength required no ally.

Spode, Josiah. 1754-1829. British discoverer of bone china 1794.

Spoils System. 19C US political patronage.

Sprengel, Christian. 1750-1816. Plant fertilization.

Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Spurs, Battle. 1513. French retreat from British in War of Holy League.

Sputnik. 1957. Russia launches first artificial satellite.

Squanto. -1622. American Indian friend of Plymouth Pilgrims.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

Ssu-ma Ch’ien. 145-85BC. First great Chinese historian.

St Albans. 1455. First battle of War of Roses. Henry VI captured by Yorks.

St Albans Raid. 1864. Confederates attack Vermont from Canada.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St George’s Day Revolt. 1343-5. Estonian peasants vs Danes. North Estonia sold to Teutonic Knights.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

St-Germain, Treaty. 1570 French Wars of Religion. 1919 Created Republic of Austria.

St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St-Germain-L’Auxerrois. 13-15C. Church by Louvre gave signal for Massacre of St-Bartholomew.

St-Gervais-St-Protais. 1616-21. Church by Métezeau. First classical style building in Paris.

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