Pyrenees, Treaty. 1659. Established French/Spanish border ending 24 year war.

Pyrrho. c360-270BC. Founder of Sceptics.

Pyrrhus. 319-272BC. King of Epirus. Defeated Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum at great cost (Pyrrhic Victory). Memoirs.

Pythagoras. c582-500BC. Greek philosopher: numbers are key to understanding the universe. Founded first school of higher learning at Crotona, Italy.

Pytheas. c300BC. Greek. Voyaged to Britain, Iceland.

Pythian Games. -4C. Musical and athletic contests at Delphi.

Qaddafi, Muammar. 1942-. Radical nationalist Libyan dictator 1969- after deposing Idris I. Nationalized oil industry 1973. Middle East terrorist supporter.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Qatar. 18C Bahrain. 1868 Independent. 1916 British protectorate. 1971 Independent.

Qu Yuan. c277BC. First great Chinese poet.

Quadi. -173. Nomadic German tribe in Moravia.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Quadrille. 18C French dance introduced to England 1818.

Quadrivium. Arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, music. Trivium.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quakers. 1647. Society of Friends. Protestant non-conformist sect, founded by Fox. Silently awaiting “Inward Light”. Penn.

Quantrill, William. 1837-65. Confederate guerilla leader of 1863 massacre at Lawrence, Kansas.

Quantum Theory. Energy levels are discontinuous. Foundation of modern physics. Planck 1900. Bohr.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quasimodo, Salvatore. 1901-68. Italian humanist Hermetic poet: La Vita non e sogno. Oboe Somerso 1932.

Quebec. 1534 Cartier discovers. 1608 French colony. 1763 British. 1867 Founding province of Canada.

Quebec, Battle. 1759. British defeat French in Seven Years War. 1775 Quebec Campaign.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Quebec Campaign. 1775-6. American revolutionaries take Montreal. Fail to take Quebec.

Quebec Conference. 1864. Basis of British North America Act. 1943. Allied leaders plan European landings. 1944. Churchill, Roosevelt decide on two war fronts-criticized for allowing Soviets to take Berlin.

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