Perón, Isabel. 1931-. Argentine president 1974-5, succeeding husband.

Perón, Juan. 1895-1974. Totalitarian Argentine president 1946-55, 73-4. Evita. Isabel.

Pérotin. -c1238. First composer to write for 4 voices. Sederunt.

Perpendicular. c1350-1500. English Gothic architecture. Square and heavy materialistic design.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Perrault, Charles. 1628-1703. French poet. Mother Goose 1697.

Perrault, Claude. 1613-88. French architect. Louvre Colonnade. Observatory.

Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Persephone. Greek goddess of fertility abducted by Hades.

Perseus. c212-166BC. Last Macedonian king 179-168BC. Defeated at Pydna by Rome.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Persius. 34-62. Roman satirical poet. Stoic.

Peru. Settled 8000BC. 15C Inca. 1532 Pizarro conquers for Spain. 1821 Independent.

Pérugini, Pietro le. 1445-1523. Italian painter. Taught Raphael. St. Peter and Keys 1482 (Sistine Chapel).

Peruzzi, Baldassarre. 1481-1536. Italian architect, painter. Palazzo Massimo 1535. Villa Farnesina 1509-21.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Peter the Hermit. 1050-1115. French. Led ill-equipped army in First Crusade.

Peterhouse. 1284. First Cambridge college.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

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