Lutyens, Elizabeth. 1906-83. Britain’s leading 12-note composer.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Luynes, Duke of. 1578-1621. French. Adviser to Louis XIII.

Lvov, Prince Georgi. 1861-1925. Russian leader of Provisional Government, 1917.

Lyautey, Louis. 1854-1934. French General. Established French protectorate over Morocco.

Lyceum. c335BC. Athenian school founded by Aristotle, called ’Peripatetics’.

Lycia. Mountain district of Anatolia. 43 conquered by Rome. Xanthos.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

Lydia. -700BC Maeonia. 546BC Persia. 133 Rome. First coins 7C BC.

Lyell, Charles. 1797-1875. British geologist. Principles of Geology 1833. Coined terms for eras: Pliocene, Miocene, Eocene. Uniformitarianism.

Lyons, Council, 2nd. 1274. Union of East, West churches. Later repudiated by Greek clergy. Schism.

Lysander. -395BC. Spartan admiral. Captured Athens 404BC. Ended Peloponnesian War.

Lysenko, Trofim. 1898-1976. Russian biologist. Forced outdated Lamarck genetics on Agriculture Academy holding back Russian progress.

Lysias. c445-380BC. Greek orator. Unembellished style.Against Eratosthenes 404BC.

Lysimachus. 385-281BC. Alexander’s General. Macedonia satrap 323-.

Lysippus. 4C BC. Greek sculptor. Revised ideal human form-slender with smaller head.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

Mabillon, Jean. 1632-1707. French Benedictine scholar. Science of diplomatics. De re diplomatica 1681.

MacAlpin. Kenneth I. -858. First King of Scots and Picts.

Macao. 1557 Portuguese settle. 1849 Free port. 1887 Treaty confirms Portugal rule.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

Macbeth. -1057. Scottish king 1040-. Killed, succeeded Duncan. Killed by Duncan’s son, Malcolm.

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