Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Livonian War. 1558-83. Russia fails to conquer Livonia for access to Baltic.

Livy. c59BC-17 AD. Roman historian. 142 volume Annals of Rome 29BC-.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Llull, Raimon. 1235-1316. Catalan Neoplatonic Idealist mystic poet, alchemist. Tried to convert Moslems. Felix 1288.

Llwelyn. Welsh prince, 1246-82. With Montfort in Barons War.

Lobachevsky, Nikolay. 1792-1856. Russian. Invented non-Euclidian geometry, 1826.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Lockyer, Joseph. 1836-1920. English. Discovered helium in sun 1868.

Locofoco Party. 1835-8. US anti-monopoly Democratic Party faction.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. 1850-1924. US isolationist senator, blocked US entry to League of Nations.

Loewe, Frederick. 1904-88. US composer; partner of Lerner.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Loisy, Alfred. 1857-1940. French Modernist religious scholar.

Lo-Johansson, Ivar. 1901-90. Swedish novelist of social causes. Goodnight, Earth 1933.

Lollards. 1370-1530 English church reform movement. Wycliffe.

Lombard, Peter. 1100-1160. Italian bishop. Book of Sentences.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

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