Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. 1532-88. Favourite of Queen Elizabeth I.

Leif Eriksson. Norwegian discoverer of Vinland, 1000.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Leisler’s Rebellon. 1689-91. NY vs Catholic officials.

Le Jeune, Claude. c1527-1600. French composer of musique mésurée.

Le Lorrain, Robert. 1666-1743. French bas-relief sculptor.

Lemaître, Georges. 1894-1966. Belgian cosmologist. Big Bang theory of creation 1927.

Le Mercier, Jacques. 1585-1654. French architect of Sorbonne and Horloge Pavilion of Louvre.

Lend-Lease. Agreement between Allies and US during WWII for sharing costs of supplies and foreign exchange obligations.

L’Enfant, Pierre. 1754-1825. French/US architect. Washington town plan 1792, implemented 1901.

Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Leningrad, Siege. 1941-44. By Germans. Unsuccessful. 1M died.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Le Nôtre, André. 1613-1700. French landscapist. Tuileries 1637. Fontainebleau. Versailles 1663.

Leo Africanus. 1485-1554. Arab/Christian traveler. Descriptions of Africa 1550.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Leo III, St. -816. Pope 795-. Crowned Charlemagne recreating Western Roman Empire.

Leo IX, St. 1002-54. Pope 1049-. Excommunicated Cerularius, causing East-West Schism.

Leo VI. 866-912. Byzantine Emperor. Compiled Basilica legal code.

Leo X. 1475-1521. Pope 1513-. Excommunicated Luther. Depleted treasury.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

León. 910-1230. Spanish kingdom. Ruled Galicia, Asturias; Portugal to 1143. 1230 +Castile.

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