Judah. Son of Jacob. Led 1 of 12 Tribes of Israel to Judah.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Judas Iscariot. c30. Apostle who betrayed Jesus. Suicide.

Judas of Galilee. Jewish zealot. Led revolt vs Rome over tax census.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Judith. Jewish heroine. Killed Holofernes, Nebuchadnezzar’s general.

Judo. 19C-.Oriental self defence not in conflict with non-violent religion. Modification of jujitsu.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

Julian Era. 45BC to present.

Julian the Apostate. 331-63. Roman Emperor 361-. Proclaimed religious toleration. Attempted to make Paganism the state religion.

Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

July Conspiracy. Stauffenberg.

July Monarchy. Rule of Louis-Philippe.

July Ordinances. 1830. Charles X attempts to censor press and alter electoral process causing July Revolution.

July Revolution. 1830. France. Thiers. Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Louis-Philippe ascends. Caused by July Ordinances.

June Days. 1848. Paris workers uprising. Cavaignac’s military rule kills 10,000 to restore order.

Jung, Karl. 1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist. Synchronicity-theory that related events occur at the same time without connecting cause. Astrology. Psychology of the Unconscious 1912. Extrovert. Introvert. Collective Unconscious.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Junta. Emergency administrative council. Often after an overthrow of existing government.

Jupiter. (Jove). Roman chief god. = Zeus.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Jutes. Germanic tribe who invaded England 5C. Established Canterbury.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Juvenal. c60-127. Romanic stoic poet: Satires.

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