Jerusalem, Kingdom. 1099-1291. Palestine kingdom created by leaders of First Crusade. King of Jerusalem used as title until 15C.

Jerusalem, Synod. 1672. Eastern Orthodox Church denounces Calvinism and Lutheranism.

Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Quebec awards restitution to Jesuits for British land appropriation 1773.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

Jesus. c6BC-c30. Jewish prophet, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, son of God. Crucified. Resurrected. Life and death were inspiration for Christianity.

Jewish Agency. 1929-. Founded by Weizmann to support Zionist cause in Palestine.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

Jews. Individuals of Jewish parentage or Judaic religion. Descendents of Israelites who survived Babylonian Captivity. Hebrew.

Jezebel. -c843BC. “Wicked” wife of Ahab. Worshipped Baal.

Jibril. Islamic archangel. God’s messenger to Muhammad. = Gabriel.

Jim Crow Laws. 1877-1964. US laws allowing segregation.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo. c1495-1579. Spanish conquistador. Founded Bogota, Colombia.

Jimmu Tennõ. c660BC. Japan’s legendary first Emperor. Direct descendent of Sun goddess.

Jingoism. Excessive nationalism. Originally for British who intervened in Russo-Turkish War, 1877.

Joachim, Joseph. 1831-1907. Hungarian violinist/composer.

Joachim, St. Mary’s father.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

Joan of Arc, St. c1412-31. Defeated English at Orléans. Burned by the English as heretic. Rehabilitated 1456.

Job. 6C BC. Suffering, faithful Old Testament servant of God.

Jodl, Alfred. 1890-1946. German general. Signed capitulation at Reims. Condemned at Nuremberg.

Joffre, Joseph. 1852-1931. French marshal. Won at Marne 1914. French Commander-in-Chief 1914-16.

Johanan ben Zakkai. 1C Pharisee. Founder of Jabne Academy, 70. Foundations of Rabbinic and Talmudic Judaism.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

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