Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Frankfurt Assembly. 1848-9. Adopted constitution, basis of North German Confederation 1867.

Frankish Kingdom, East. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern Germany.

Frankish Kingdom, West. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern France. Franks.

Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-90. US author, scientist, revolutionary leader. Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732-57. Franklin Stove 1744. Lightning rod 1752. Bifocals 1784.

Franks. Germanic tribes invaded France, 3-5C. Clovis. Frankish.

Franz. =Francis.

Fraunhofer, Joseph von. 1787-1826. German. Mapped spectral lines 1814-.

Fredegund. c545-597. Murderous Q of Neustria. 40 yr. feud vs Brunhild.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa). c1123-90. HRE 1155-. Crusades. Opposed papal authority.

Frederick I. 1657-1713. Creator and first king of Prussia, 1701.

Frederick II. 1194-1250. Holy Roman Emperor. 1220-. King of Sicily 1198-. King of Jerusalem 1229-. Patron of arts, education.

Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Frederick III. 1609-70. King of Norway and Denmark, 1648-. Lost much of territory to Sweden.

Frederick IV. 1671-1730. King of Norway and Denmark, 1699-. Abolished serfdom. Educational system.

Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

Frederick VII. 1808-63. Danish king 1848-. Formed Constitutional Monarchy.

Frederick IX. 1899-1972. Danish king 1947-. Imprisoned by Nazis, 43-45.

Frederick the Fair. 1286-1330. Fought Louis IV unsuccessfully for German crown 1314-22.

Fredrikshamn, Peace. 1809. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.

Free Enterprise. Capitalist economic doctrine of a market free from government control.

Free French. French vs Germany after fall of France 1940. Opp. by Vichy government. DeGaulle.

Free Trade. International commerce free from duties, government restriction or discrimination. Smith.

Free Will. Philosophies which allow that man can more or less determine his own destiny. Fatalism.

Freedmen’s Bureau. 1865-72. US agency to help freed slaves during Reconstruction.

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