Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1452-1516. Unified Spain with Isabella. Equipped Columbus. Expelled Moors and Jews. Began Inquisition.

Ferdinand III. 1199-1252. King of Castile and Leon. Pushed Moors from most of Spain.

Ferdinand VII. 1784-1833. Spanish King, 1808, 1814-33. Favoured Isabella II to succeed. Carlist Wars led to loss of Spanish power and possessions.

Fermat, Pierre de. 1601-65. French mathematician/jurist. Modern Number Theory. Last Theorem 1631: There does not exist xⁿ+yⁿ=zⁿ for n>2; x,y,z ε N. Proved by Wiles 1995.

Fermi, Enrico. 1901-54. Italian/US atomic physicist. Transuranic elements.

Ferrara-Florence, Council of. 1438-45. Failed attempt to re-unite Latin and Greek churches.

Ferry, Jules. 1832-93. French premier 1880~5. Expanded empire. Compulsory secular education 1882. Dissolved Jesuits.

Fertile Crescent. 8000BC- ME region from Nile to Euphrates. Birthplace of civilization.

Festival of Federation. 14 July,1790. Celebration of first anniversary of Storming the Bastille. 300,000 people.

Festival of the Supreme Being. 8 June 1794. Declared by Robespierre and designed by David.

Festus, Sextus. 2C. Roman lexicographer. On the Meaning of Words.

Fetterman Massacre. 1866. Red Cloud-led Sioux kill 80 US Soldiers.

Feudalism. 8-14C. Social system. Lord grants land rights (fiefs) to vassals in return for military or other service. Manorialism. Seignorialism.

Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1804-72. German philosopher. God is illusion. Immortality of man is only through works and offspring. Thoughts on Death 1830.

Feuillants. 1577- Cistercian order.

Feuillants Club. 1791. French moderate monarchists.

Féval, Paul. 1817-87. French writer: Bossu.

Fianna Fáil. 1926-. Irish political party vs 1921 treaty. De Valera.

Fibonacci, Leonardo. 1170-1240. Pisa mathematician. Book of Abacus 1202. Fibonacci Numbers 1203. Practica Geometrica 1220.

Fichte, Johann. 1762-1814. German Nationalist Idealist philosopher. Influenced Totalitarianism. Addresses to the German Nation 1807-8.

Ficino, Marsilio. 1433-99. Italian philosopher. Translated Greek classics to Latin. Theologia Platonicum 1482.

Field of Cloth of Gold. 1520. Kings of France and England meet near Calais to propose alliances.

Fielding, Henry. 1707-54. English picaresque novelist: Tom Jones 1749; Amelia 1751.

Fifth Column. 1936. Fascists within besieged Madrid who assisted Franco’s attackers. Term generally applied to subversives since.

Fifth Monarchy Men. 1645- English Puritan Millenialist anarchists. Venner led rebellions 1657,61.

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