Empiricism. Philosophy maintaining that all valid human knowledge is gained from experience.

Ems Dispatch. 1870. Bismarck alters telegram from Wilhelm, causing Franco-Prussian War.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

Encomienda. 16-18C Spanish system of Indian forced labour.

Encyclical, Papal. Letter from Pope to RC Church.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Enesco, Georges. 1881-1955. Romanian folk theme composer. National style.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Enghien, Duc d’. Prince of Condé. 1772-1804. Executed for alleged plot against Napoleon.

England. c1800BC Beaker folk. 8C BC Celt. 150BC Belgae. 55BC-407 Rome. 5C Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. 9C Dane(N,E). 10C A-S/Dane. 1042 Anglo-Saxon. 1066 Norman. 1204 -Normandy. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

English Civil War. 1642-9. King vs Parliament. Charles beheaded. Monarchy abolished. Commonwealth. Cromwell. Covenanters.

Enlightenment. 17-18C. Intellectual movement. Rationalism, natural laws vs dogma, authority. J-J Rousseau. Smith. Mendlessohn. Fontenelle. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Hume. Berkeley. Sturm und Drang.

Ennius, Quintus. 239-169BC. Roman poet. Annales-History of Rome.

Enoch. Eldest son of Cain.

Enola Gay. US plane which dropped H-bomb on Hiroshima, 1945.

Enragés. 1793. Parisian extremists overthrow Girondins.

Ensor, James. 1860-1949. Belgian painter and engraver. Pessimistic fantasy and social commentary.

Entebbe. Uganda airport. Site of 1976 hijacking ended by Israeli commandos.

Entente Cordiale. 1904. Anglo-French agreement. Defined spheres of influence in Africa and Pacific allowing co-operation vs Germany.

Enver Pasha. 1881-1922. Young Turk leader. Revolt, 1908. WWI. Ruled with Triumvirate. 1913-18. Talât Pasha.

EOKA. 1955-74. Cyprus anti-British movement for union with Greece.

Eolithic. 750,000-250,000BC. Earliest stone age.

Epaminondas. c410-362BC. Thebian general, statesman. Defeated Sparta at Leuctra. Permanently changed balance of power.

Épée, Abbé de l’. 1712-89. French educator of deaf-mutes. Natural sign language.

Ephesus. Major Greek, Roman city now in Turkey. 133 Bequeathed to Rome by Attale. 263 Goths sacked Temple of Artemis, 7 wonder.

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