Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Cuchulain. Legendary powerful Irish warrior.

Cugnot, Joseph. 1725-1804. French engineer. First steam car, 1769.

Culhwch + Olwen. c1100. Earliest Arthurian romance.

Culloden, Battle. 1746. Ended Jacobite Rebellion.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cult of Reason. Reason, Cult of.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Cumae. 750BC-1205. Oldest Greek colony in Italy. Near Naples.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cummings, e.e. 1894-1962. Eccentric US poet. Tulips and Chimneys 1923.

Cunaeus. Leyden jar battery 1745.

Cunard, Samuel. 1787-1865. Canadian. First regular steamship line.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Cuneiform. 3000-1C BC. Sumerian writing form in clay with triangular pointed stick. Spread widely.

Cunningham, Andrew. 1883-1963. WWII admiral, British chief of naval staff 1943-6.

Cupid. Roman god of love, son of Venus. = Eros.

Curia. Roman political division.

Curie, Irene. Joliot-Curie.

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