Chagall, Marc. 1887-1985. Russian/French painter of biblical scenes. Stained glass. Ceiling, Paris Opera 1964.

Chaillot Palace. By Carlu, Boileau, Azéma. Completed 1937.

Chain, Ernst. 1906-79. With Florey, purified penicillin.

Chakkri. 1782-. Dynasty ruling Thailand.

Chalcedon, Council. 451. Clarified orthodox Catholic beliefs. Sees of Rome and Byzantium established. Christ’s dual nature.

Chaldean Empire. 625-538BC. Last Babylonian Empire. Conquered by Persia. Nabopolassar.

Chalgrin, J-F. Architect of Arc de Triomphe 1806; Odéon.

Challenger Expedition. 1872-6. Oceanic survey of currents, depths, temps.

Châlons, Battle. 451. Attila’s westward conquest stopped by Visigoths and Romans.

Chamberlain, Austen. 1863-1937. British Statesman. Locarno Pact.

Chamberlain, Houston. 1855-1927. British/German antisemite pro-Aryan philosopher. Foundation of the Nineteenth Century, 1899.

Chamberlain, Joseph. 1836-1914. English imperialist politician.

Chamberlain, Neville. 1869-1940. English statesman, Prime Minister, 1937-40. Appeasement Policy towards Hitler. Munich Agreement.

Chambers, Ephraim. c1680-1740. First English Cyclopaedia 1728, used by French Encyclopedists.

Chambers, William. 1726-96. English Palladian architect. Somerset House 1776-86.

Chambers, William and Robert. 19C.Scottish reference book publishers.

Chambord, Count de. 1820-83. Claimed French throne; inflexibility led to failure of Bourbon restoration negotiations 1874.

Chambres Ardentes. 1535-1682. French courts. Tried nobles, heretics.

Champ-de-Mars. Garden under the Eiffel Tower. Originally Gabriel’s parade ground for École Militaire.

Champa. 2-15C Vietnamese kingdom. 5-6C China. 1471 Vietn dest.

Champlain, Samuel de. c1567-1635. French explorer of Canada. First Governor of New France. Founded Quebec city 1608.

Champollion, Jean. 1790-1832. French. Deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphics. Rosetta Stone.

Champs-Élysée. Paris boulevard. (=Elysian Fields.) Trees planted by Le Nôtre 1667. Named 1709.

Chanak Crisis. 1922. British fear Turkish threat to Dardanelles. Lausanne Peace, 1923.

Chancellor. Title of prime minister of Germany.

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