Thessaloniki. 315BC Rebuilt by Cassander. 168BC Rome...Byzantine. 42BC Independent. 8-12C Many conquerers. 904 Saracen. 1185 Norman. 1246 Byzantine. 1423 Venice. 1430 Turks. 1913 Greece.

Thrace. Region of SE Balkan peninsula. c700BC Greek colonies. c512-480BC Persia. 4C BC Macedonia. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 7C Bulgaria(N). 1453 Ottoman. Post WWI split Turkey/Greece/Bulgaria.

Trabzon Empire. 1204-1461. Independent Byzantine Empire after fall of Constantinople. Defeated by Ottomans.

Tribonian. -545 Byzantine. Compiled Corpus Juris Civilis law code 529.

Tunisia. Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia. 814 BC Carthage established. 146BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 534 Byzantine. 698 Moslem = Ifrikiya(...Africa). 1574 Ottoman. 1705 Autonomous. Barbary Pirates. 1881 French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Bourguiba.

Vandals. Germans fleeing Huns, invaded Gaul, Spain 409 and Africa 429-534. Sacked Rome 455. Arians, persecuted other Christians. Routed by Byzantines 533.

Varangian Guard. 977-15C. Byzantine infantry recruited from Scandinavia and later England.

Yarmuk River, Battle. 636. Arabs defeat Byzantines, dominate Syria.

Zadar. Dalmatia. 9C BC Liburnian colony. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 1409 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1808 France, «Illyrian Kingdom. 1813 Austria. 1918 Italy. 1944 Yugoslavia.

Zoë. 978-1050. Byzantine Empress 1028-. Married and murdered Romanus III. Crowned lover Michael IV and son Michael V. Married Constantine IX.

Aberhart, William. 1878-1943. Canadian Social Credit advocate.

Abolitionists. 1774-1868. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Republicans. Radical Republicans.

Aboukir, Battle. Nelson defeats French fleet, 1798. Napoleon defeats Turks, 1799.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Actaeon. Mythical Greek hunter, turned into a stag for watching Artemis bathing.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Agam, Yaacov. 1928-. Israeli optical artist.

Agnes, St. 4C. Roman girl martyred at 13.

Alban, St. -c303. First British martyr.

Alberti, Leon. 1404-72. Italian Renaissance Man. Artist, poet, geographer, mathematician.

Alchemy. Magic art of Egyptian origin attempting to transmute metals, esp lead to gold. Based on belief that all metals are a pure base metal + impurities which the philosopher’s stone can remove.

Alcock, John. 1892-1919. First non-stop transatlantic flight, 1919, with Brown.

Alexander I. 1777-1825. Russian Czar, 1801-. Liberal reformer. Defeated Napoleon. Holy Alliance.

Alexandria. Founded 332BC by Alexander the Great. Centre of Hellenistic culture. Lighthouse one of Seven Wonders. 284BC Great Library of 700,000+ volumes. Fires 47BC, 391.

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