Winckler, Hugo. 1863-1913. German archaeologist. Discovered Hittite cuneiform tablets.

Wobblies. IWW, Industrial Workers of the World.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Woolf, Virginia. 1882-1941. English psychological stream of consciousness writer. Captured transience and subtlety of thought. Bloomsbury Group. Mrs Dalloway 1925. To the Lighthouse 1927. Waves 1931.

World Bank. 1944. United Nations agency established at Bretton Woods.

WPA. Works Progress Administration. 1935-43. Employed 8.5M on public works in US during Depression.

Wyandotte Constitution. 1859. Conclusion of Bleeding Kansas. Rejected slavery, women’s suffrage.

Wyclif(fe), John. c1330-84. English religious reformer. Lollard leader. Advocated religion from within rather than mechanical practice. Began First English translation of bible.

Xanadu. (To-lun). 1256. Mongol Kublai Khan’s summer capital.

Yemen. ~10CBC Minaean, Saba’, Qataban, Himyarite Kingdoms. 1C Jews settle. 4C Christians settle. 525 Abyssinia. 575 Persia. 7C Moslem. 9C ’Alid Zaydi dynasty. 1173 Ayyubid. c1229 Rasulid. 1517 Ottoman. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). 1990 Merged with c100BC Himyarite. 1229 Rasulis. 1635 Zaydi. 1735 Divided South: 1802 British protection. 1839 British East India Company. 1937 Aden British Protectorate. 1963 Federation of South Arabia. 1967 People’s Republic of Yemen. 1735 North: 1872 Ottoman. 1920 Tribal. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic 1990 merged=Yemen.

Young Italy. 1831-48 Mazzini movement to establish an Italian Republic.

Yüan. 1279-1368. Chinese Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai Khan. Grand Canal. Postal system. Marco Polo.

Yüan Shih-kai. 1859-1916. First president of Chinese Republic 1912-. Attempts to establish a new dynasty failed. Warlords.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zaire. Bantu. 1482 Portugal explores. 1885 Personal holding of Leopold II = Congo Free State. 1908 Belgian Congo. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 Democratic Republic of Congo.

Zangi. 1084-1146. Seljuk ruler. Defeated crusaders. Established Zangid dynasty in Middle East 1127-1250.

Zeebrugge, Raid. 1918. Allied attempt to block harbour, trapping German submarines, warships.

Zehrfuss. French architect: UNESCO bldg.

Zemstvo. 1864-1917. Russian provincial assemblies instituted by Alexander II. Liberal influence.

Zend-Avesta. 3C BC. Zoroastrian bible. Avesta.

Zenger, John. 1697-1746. US publisher. Libel acquittal based on being fact 1735, key to freedom of press.

Zeppelin, Ferdinand von. 1838-1917. German constructor of dirigibles 1900-. 1928 Graf Zeppelin around world. Transatlantic service 1928-37. Hindenburg.

Zimmerman Telegram. 1917. Germany suggests Mexican alliance if US enters war. Interception aroused public vs Germany.

Zionist World Congress. 1897. Defined Basel Program to establish Palestinian Homeland. Herzl.