Adrian IV. c1100-59. Only English pope 1150-. Crowned Barbarossa.

Alans. Barbarians. Overrun by Huns; invaded Gaul in 406.

Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antigua and Barbuda. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

Barbados. Arawak. 1518 Portugal discovers. 1627 English settle. 1966 Independent.

Barbara, St. c200. Maiden martyr at father’s hands, who was struck by lightning. Patron St. of artillerymen.

Barbarians. Greek = foreigners. Roman term for Goths, Huns and Vandals who conquered Western Empire 3-6C.

Barbarossa, Operation. 1941. German invasion of USSR.

Barbarossa II. 1466-1546. Turkish pirate. Conquered Algiers 1518, Tunis 1534.

Barbary. 16-19C. Name given to North African coast. Berbers.

Barbary Piracy. 1518-1830. G. Washington pays $1M to free enslaved seamen 1796. US attacks Tripoli 1815. French sieze Algiers, 1830.

Barbès, Armand. 1809-70. French Republican.

Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules. 1808-89. French dandy, social critic.Diaboliques 1874.

Barbizon. 19C French objective style of painting landscapes from nature; influenced Impressionists. Millet, Diaz.

Barbuda. 1628 British Colony. 1680 Cordington family possession. 19C British Crown Colony. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

Barbusse, Henri. 1873-1935. French writer: Le Feu (The experiences of a common soldier) 1916.

Barebones Parliament. 1653. Cromwell’s Nominated Puritan Parliament. Named for MP, Praise-God Barbon.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Beaumarchais, C de. 1732-99. French satirical writer vs nobility. Barber of Seville 1772, Marriage of Figaro 1784.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Corot, Camille. 1796-1875. French painter, forerunner of Barbizon school of Art. Narni Bridge 1827.

Dukas, Paul. 1865-1935. French composer. Ariane, Barbe-Bleue. Sorcerer’s Apprentice 1897.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa). c1123-90. HRE 1155-. Crusades. Opposed papal authority.

Hepworth, Barbara. 1903-75. English abstract sculptor.

Rossini, Gioacchino. 1792-1868. Italian opera composer: Barber of Seville 1816. William Tell 1829.

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