Ordeal, Trial by. -1219. English common form of trial. eg: fire, battle, dunking.

Oriskany, Battle. 1777. British ambush Americans.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osborne, John. 1929-94. ‘Angry’ English playwright. Entertainer 1951. Look Back in Anger 1956.

Ossianic Ballads. 11-18C Irish based on 3C themes of Finn MacCool. Oisin.

Otto I. 1815-67. German king of Greece 1832-62. Selected by London Conference. Deposed. Wittelsbach.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Palo Alto, Battle. 1846 US victory. First major battle of Mexican War.

Panama. 1501 Bastidas discovers. 1510 Spanish settle. 1821 Gran Colombia. 1930 Colombia. 1903 US aided revolt, Independence. 1903-79 US administered Canal Zone. 1989 US invasion restores elected government.

Panama Canal. 1881-1889. Begun by Lesseps- bankrupt. Completed by US 1904-14. Reed.

Panipat, Battles. 1526 Moguls defeat Afghans, establish dynasty. 1556 Moguls defeat Hindus. 1761 Afghans defeat Marathas.

Paraguay. Guarani. 1526 Cabot explores. 1535 Spanish. 1811 Independent. 1954 Dictatorship.

Paris. Son of Priam. Carried Helen back to Troy, starting the Trojan Wars. Shot Achilles. Judged first beauty contest.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parker, Dorothy. 1893-1967. US witty urban writer. A Star is Born. Death and Taxes 1931.

Parnassians. 1867-99. French detached anti-Romantic poetry school. Leconte de Lisle. Sully-Prudhomme. Verlaine. Gautier. Baudelaire.

Parson’s Cause. 1755,58 Salary dispute of Anglican ministers in Virginia based on inflation of tobacco prices.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Passchendaele, Battle. 1917 Limit of British/Canadian advance WWI, Ypres. 300,000 casualties. 1918 Germans first use of mustard gas.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

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