Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Granicus, Battle. 334BC. Alexander’s First victory; defeats Darius III of Persia.

Gravelines, Battle. 1558. Spanish defeat French.

Greek Project. 1782. Abandoned plan of Catherine the Great to conquer Ottoman Empire.

Green Revolution. 20C. Increased food production in developing countries based on new plant breeds. Borlaug.

Greenbacks. US banknotes issued to support Civil War not backed by gold.

Greene, Robert. c1558-92. English dramatist. Friar Bacon and Friar Burgay c1591.

Gregory XI. 1329-78. Pope 1370-. Moved Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Gresham, Thomas. 1519-79. English founder of Stock Exchange 1560. Gresham’s Law-“Bad money drives out good” (mistakenly attributed).

Griquas. Bastards. 19C Tribe of Hottentot-Boer half-castes.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Gropius, Walter. 1883-1969. German architect. Bauhaus director. Modern horizontal buildings, glass walls.

Grünewald, Matthias, St. -1528. German Late Gothic artist. Isenheim altarpiece c1510. Colors influenced Baroque Art.

Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guevara, Che. 1928-67. Argentine revolutionary in Cuba, Bolivia. Revolution must precede communism.

Guise, Henri, duc de. 1550-88. Partipated in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Founded Catholic League 1576. Led revolt against Henry III. Murdered.

Gujrat, Battle. 1849. British defeat Sikhs, annex Punjab.

Gulistan, Treaty. 1813. Persia cedes Azerbaijan to Russia.

Gypsies. 16C-. Nomadic peoples with Romany language. Probable Indian origin.

Haganah. 1920-48. Jewish protective force in Palestine. Basis of Israeli army.

Hague Conferences. 1899, 1907. Arms limitation talks banned poison gas, dum-dum bullets. Established World Court.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1661-1715. English Whig statesman. Started National Debt. Established Bank of England. 1694.

Hambach Festival. 1832. Young Germany demonstration.

Hamilcar Barca. -228BC. Hannibal’s father.

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