Mountain Meadows Massacre. 1857. Paiute Indians and Utah Mormons kill 137 Arkansas emigrants en route to California.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Noah. Biblical figure. Survived flood in ark.

Nordic Council. 1953-. Denmark, Norway, Sweden. 1955 +Finland. Promotes cultural unity, reciprocal rights.

Nore Mutiny. 1797. British North Sea fleet protest conditions. Parker hung.

Norway. 872 United by Harald Fairhair. 1130- Civil wars. 1397 Danish. 1814 Swedish. 1905 Independent. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Oakley, Annie. 1860-1926. US marksperson.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

Oldenburg. 1180 Independent. 1667 Denmark. 1773 Russia. 1777 Independent. 1834 Prussia. 1853 Zollverein. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Republic. 1945 West Germany.

Omar Khayyam. c1027-1123. Persian mathematician/ poet: Rubaiyat. Specific gravity of gold 1061.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Park, Mungo. 1771-1806. Scottish explorer of Niger.

Park Chung Hee. 1917-79. South Korean president. 1963-79 by 1961 coup. Economic growth.

Parker, Charlie. 1920-55. US Jazz saxophonist. Father of Bebop.

Parker, Dorothy. 1893-1967. US witty urban writer. A Star is Born. Death and Taxes 1931.

Parker, Matthew “Nosey”. 1504-75. Archbishop of Canterbury 1559-. 39 Articles.

Parks, Rosa. 1913-. US ‘mother’ of Civil Rights Movement. Arrested, 1955, for not relinquishing her seat to a white man. King.

Pentecost. 50th day after Easter. Descent of Holy Spirit on Jesus’ disciples marks beginning of Christian mission.

Philippi, Battle. 42BC. Antony and Octavian beat republicans Brutus and Cassius.

Phoenix Park Murders. 1882. British Secretary and Undersecretary of Ireland killed by terrorists.

Plimsoll, Samuel. 1824-98. English reformer. Defined ship loading mark.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1848-53. British painters vs Royal Academy. Advocated return to simple classical naturalism. Painted with bright colors on white vs dark tones of the time. Rossetti. Millais. Hunt.

Ribalta, Francisco. 1565-1628. Spanish painter. Light/dark color contrast. Christ Embracing St Bernard.

Rothko, Mark. 1903-70. Russian/US Abstract Expressionist painter. Large canvases of solid color. Light Earth and Blue 1954.

Russell, Frances. 1593-1641. Covent Garden market.

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