Ponte Vecchio. 1345. Florence. First segmented arch bridge in West.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Poussin, Nicolas. 1594-1665. French Neoclassical painter. Strong pictorial emotional works. Arcadian Shepherds 1638/55. Rape of the Sabines 1636-7.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Privy Council. English monarch’s principal advisers. Little power since 17C.

Proudhon, Pierre. 1809-65. French Anarchist Socialist: “Property is theft.”-What is Property? 1840. “Government is the Scourge of God”. Systèmes des Contradictions Économiques 1846.

Proust, Marcel. 1871-1922. French novelist: Remembrance of Things Past 1914.

Prussia. 1226 Teutonic Knights. 1466 «Poland. 1525 Duchy of Poland. c1660 Independent. 1701 Kingdom. 1772-95 +NW Poland. 1871 Dominated German Empire. 1919 Weimar(W)/ Poland(E). 1933 Germany(W). Bismarck.

Ptolemy. c140. Alexandrian. First cartographer. Promoted Hipparchus’ geocentric theory of solar system. Copernicus. Columbus studied his Geography.

Rainaldi, Girolamo. 1570-1655. Hungarian architect. Brought Mannerism to Rome.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Rasmussen, Knud. 1879-1933. Danish arctic explorer.

Ravachol, François. 1859-92. French anarchist. Guillotined.

Regency. 1800-30. Georgian Classicist architecture with tinge of exotic from the Empire. Stucco facing on brick. Nash. Soane. Hope. Sheraton. Decorative Arts: Neoclassical, Egyptian motifs.

Regium Donum. 1690~1869. Grant from monarch to Nonconformist ministers in Britain.

Renaissance. 13-16C Rebirth of the arts, under classical influence. Humanism. Spread from Italy. Art. Architecture. Music.

Renaissance Architecture. Italy 15C-. England 1558-1702. Intellectual search for harmony with Roman and mathematical proportions. Michelangelo. Bramante. Brunelleschi. Manetti.

Rennie John. 1761-1821. British architect of Waterloo Bridge, 1811.

Restoration. 1660. English Monarchy reinstated following Protectorate. 1791 French Revolutionary Wars.

Retz, Gilles de. 1404-40. French Marshal. Joan of Arc companion. Tortured, killed 140 children. Model for Bluebeard.

Revere, Paul. 1735-1818. Silversmith. American Revolution hero. 1775 Midnight ride warned militia of British troops marching on Concord.

Revivalism. 18,19C. Revival of prior periods of English architecture. Neo-Greek, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic. British Museum.

Robin Hood. 13C Legendary English archer and outlaw, who robbed the rich to help the poor.

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