Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Gentili, Alberico. 1552-1608. Italian jurist. International laws on the conduct of war.

Gentlemen’s Agreement. 1907. US-Japan. Restricted emigration and discrimination. 1937. British-Italian agreement on Mediterranean. Appeasement.

Ghazali, al-. 1058-1111. Islamic Sufi philosopher, mystic.

Giolitti, Giovanni. 1842-1928. Italian Prime Minister 1892~1921. Universal male suffrage 1912.

Giulio Romano. 1492-1546. Italian Mannerist painter, architect. Palazzo del Te 1525/6.

Gold Rush. 1550 Bohemia. 1849 California. 1851 Australia. 1880s Rhodesia. 1886 South Africa. 1897 Klondike.

Goldoni, Carlo. 1707-93. Italian dramatist. Realistic comedy.

Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Gratian. Italian monk. Codified canon Law. Decretum Gratiani c1142.

Greer, Germaine. 1939-. Australian feminist writer. Female Eunuch 1970.

Griselda. Italian wife whose patience was tested by her husband, without complaint.

Guarantees, Law of. 1871. Failed to define relationship between papacy and Italian government. Lateran Treaty, 1929.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guido d’Arezzo. c990-1050. Italian Benedictine monk. Invented musical staff.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Hippolytus, St. c170-235. Italian martyr. First Antipope, 217-.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Leoncavello, Ruggero. 1857-1919. Italian opera composer. I Pagliacci 1892.

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