Mnesicles. 5C BC. Greek architect of Propylae on Acropolis.

Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Morton, William. 1819-68. US dentist. Advocated ether anaesthesia 1846.

Moses. c14C BC. Hebrew leader who led his people from Egypt to Palestine. Received the Ten Commandments from God. Founded Israel.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Munich Olympics. 1972. 11 Israelis killed by PLO terrorists.

Mycenaeans. c1600-c1100BC. Greek civilization. Time of Homer’s epics. Late Bronze Age. Ended with Dorian invasion.

Mylae, Battle. 260BC. Roman navy defeats Carthaginians in first Punic War.

Nabataeans. -105. Arab people who taxed Syria/Arabia trade route.

Nadar. 1820-1910. French portrait photographer. First aerial photo 1856/8.

Narvaez, Ramon. 1800-68. Spanish general supporting Isabella II vs Carlists. Prime Minister 1844-66.

Naturalism. 19-20C Literary movement presenting life objectively. Zola.

Nehemiah. Judaea governor. Rebuilt walls of Jerusalem 444BC.

Nicaea. 4C BC Greco-Turkish city. Now Izmik.

Nicaea, Council. 325. Debate of Athanasius and Arius resolved Nicene Creed, not Easter dates. 787. Temporarily resolved Iconoclasm.

Nicaea, Empire. 1204-61. Byzantine state reconquered Latin Empire to restore Byzantine Empire.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

Nufer, Jacob. c1500. First successful Caesarian section on living mother.

Nuñez, Rafael. 1825-94. Colombian President. 1880~ dictator.

October War. 1973. Egypt, Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur. Repulsed. UN creates buffer zone.

Oisin. (Ossian). 3C. Gaelic warrior bard. Legends of his father Finn MacCool.

Oldenburg, Claes. 1929-. Swedish/US Pop art sculptor.

Omri. -c872BC. King of Israel c884-. Established capital at Samaria.

Orgetorix. -60BC. Helvetian chief vs Caesar.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

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