American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Amin, Idi. c1926-. Uganda dictator 1971-9. Exile to France.

Angevin Dynasty. Descendants of French House of Anjou. France -1480. Plantagenet Kings of England 1154-1485. Charles I of Anjou.

Anglo-American War. 1812-14. US, angry at British blockade of France, and Tippecanoe interference, invades Canada. Toronto and White House burned. US defeated. Ghent Treaty.

Angoulême, Louis duc d’. 1775-1844. Last Dauphin of France 1824-30.

Anjou. Region, former province of western France. Under English 1151-1204, 1360. 1480 France. Angevin.

Anne of Bretagne. 1477-1514. Wife of Charles VIII, 1491, then of Louis XII, 1499. Began union of Brittany with France.

Anthony, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan, protector of common people.

Anthony of Padua, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan teacher in S. France, Italy.

Anvil, Operation. 1944. Allied invasion of south France.

Aquitaine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 507 Franks. 700 Independent. 1137 French. 1152 English 1453 French.

Arago, François. 1786-1853. French astronomer and physicist. Magnetism, light.

Armagnac. Former county of southwest France, now Gascogne. 960 Independent. 1360 English. 1607 France.

Armagnacs. Fought Burgundians for control of France through Charles VI regency 1395-1435. Arras.

Artois. 5C Franks. 9C Flanders. 1180 France 1329 Burgundy, Austria. 1659 France.

Aston, Francis. 1877-1945. English physicist. Mass spectrograph.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Augsburg League. 1686-9. Holy Roman Empire and allies vs France. Replaced by Grand Alliance.

Austrasia. 511-751. East Frankish kingdom. Part of Merovingian Empire. 7C Mayors of Palace held power. Carolingian Empire. Clovis. Neustria.

Austrian Succession, War. 1740-48. Jenkins Ear and King George’s Wars. Maria Theresa recognized. Francis I becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Prussian power shown. Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty. Silesian War.

Avignon Papacy. 1309-77. Popes from Clement V based in Avignon, France. Great Schism.

Babeuf, François. 1760-97. French Socialist egalitarian revolutionary. “Conspiracy of Equals” vs Directory.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

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