National Guard. 1789-1870 France. 1880s US.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Navarre. Vascones. 1C BC Rome. 400-800 Independent. 711 Moslem(Part). 798 Independent Basque kingdom. 1234 French dynasties. 1512 Castile(S). 1589 France(N).

Necker, Jacques. 1732-1804. Swiss Finance Minister of France before the Revolution. Compte Rendu 1781. Called Estates General leading to French Revolution. Dismissal led to riots.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

New Deal. 1933-9. Roosevelt’s economic policy vs Depression. TVA, CWA, WPA.

New France. c1600-1763. French colonies in North America.

Normandy Invasion. 1944. Eisenhower’s D-Day assault of Allies on German-occupied France. WWII turning point.

Normans. 9C. Norsemen who settled in northern France, Sicily, Naples, Albania, Thessaloniki.

Norsemen. Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who colonized Britain, France, Russia, 9-11C. Also called: Northmen, Vikings, Varangians. Beseiged Paris 885.

Noyon, Treaty. 1516. France cedes Naples to Spain.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Pachero, Francisco. 1564-1654. Spanish writer, artist. Arte de la pintura 1649. Taught Velazquez, Cano.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pantagruel. Rabelais giant.

Paoli, Pasquale. 1725-1807. Corsican patriot. Led rebels vs Genoa, France 1735~94.

Paris. 276BC Parisii. 52BC Caesar conquers. 500 Merovingian. 987 France.

Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

158 more results ...