Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sacre Coeur. Paris basilica built 1873-1910 by Abadie, at a cost of FF40 million.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sadowa, Battle. 1866. Königgrätz.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus. 1848-1907. US sculptor. Farragut. Abraham Lincoln (Chicago).

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Salisbury, First Earl. 1563-1612. British adviser to Elizabeth I. Negotiated James I succession.

Salonika Campaign. 1915-18. Allies take Serbia, Romania. Force Constantine I to abdicate.

Salpêtrière. 1656. Established by Louis XIV to care for the 55,000 beggars on the streets of Paris. Pinel.

Salvation Army. 1865. Booth Christian charitable organization. Named 1878.

Samuel. c11C BC. Israelite judge, prophet. Established Hebrew monarchy.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Sarah. Old Testament figure. Abraham’s wife. Isaac’s mother.

Saratoga, Battle. 1777. American victory, turning point in American Revolution.

Sargon II. King of Assyria c722-705BC. Destroyed kingdom of Israel. Conquered Samaria, Babylon.

Saud. 1902-69. Son of Ibn Sa’ud. Saudi King 1953-64. Deposed by brother, Faisal.

Saudi Arabia. Arabia. 19C Divided. 1902 Ibn Sa’ud conq Riyadh. 1906 + Najd. 1913 + Hasa. 1920 + Asir. 1925 + Hejaz. 1932 = Saudi Arabia.

Sauvage, Nicolas. French. Invented cabriolet taxi 1660.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Sceptics. We can know nothing more than the fleeting images of consciousness. Most is unknowable. Pyrrho.

Schiner, Matthäus. c1465-1522. Led Swiss to defeat at Maignano. Established peace and neutrality of Switzerland.

Scipio Africanus Major. 236-183BC. Roman general. Pushed Carthaginians from Spain. Defeated Hannibal at Zama 202.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scriabin, Aleksandr. 1872-1915. Russian composer uniting music with philosophy: Prometheus 1911. Musical symbolism.

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