Prim y Prats, Juan. 1814-70. Spanish. Helped overthrow Isabella 1868.

Proletariat. Marxist term for those who live by the sale of their labour. Bourgeoisie.

Puebla, Battles. 1862 Mexican guerillas humiliate French army. “Cinco de Mayo”. 1863 French victorious, Maximilian.

Punjab. Aryan. c518BC Persia. 326BC Macedonia. c324BC Mauryan. c320 Gupta. 8C Moslem. 1206 Delhi. 16C Mogul. 1764 Sikh. 1849 Britain. 1947 Pakistan(W)/India(E). 1984 Amritsar Assault.

Pure Land Buddhism. 4C China, Japan. Followers of Buddha saviour Amitabha (Amida, O-mi-t’o). Paradise for invoking his name.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Pydna, Battle. 168BC. Romans defeat, divide Macedonia.

Pyramus and Thisbe. Legendary Babylonian lovers of Ovid’s Metamorphoses.

Pyrenees, Treaty. 1659. Established French/Spanish border ending 24 year war.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quebec Act. 1774. Britain creates permanent government for Canada. Tolerance for French Canadians a cause of American Revolution. Intolerable Acts.

Quesnay, François. 1694-1774. French economist, Physiocrat. “Laissez-faire” is a natural divinely appointed law. Tableau Économique 1758 -systematic study of political economy. Can maximize social satisfaction under free competition.

Rabelais, François. c1483-1553. French satirical writer and humanist. Pantagruel 1532.Gargantua 1534.

Rabin, Yitzhak. 1992-95. Israeli statesman. Military leader, Six Day War. PM 74-77, 92-95. Peace negotiater.

Radical Republicans. 1860-77. Anti-slavery faction of US Republican Party. Abolitionists.

Rajk, Laszlo. 1909-49. Hungarian communist statesman. Hung for treason. Rehabilitated 1956.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Ranjit Singh. 1780-1839. Maharaja of Punjab. Founded Sikh kingdom in N India.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

Rationalism. All truth can be arrived at through thought alone. vs Empiricism. Descartes. Spinoza.

Ray, Rammohan. 1772-1833. Indian Hindu scholar, translator. Helped abolish suttee.

Rechabites. 10C BC Jewish ascetic pastoral sect.

Relativity. Einstein’s theories that space and time are not absolute. Special 1905. General 1916.

222 more results ...